McDonalds Entry into the Chinese Market

Introduction Following the advent of globalization, many companies that previously operated in the local markets have sought to establish businesses in foreign markets. Globalization refers to the process of integrating people with governments and organizations across the globe. One of the major limitations the companies that seek to exploit foreign markets may face is the challenge of linking franchises established in foreign nations to the organizational culture and polices.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on McDonald’s Entry into the Chinese Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, globalization has eased communication partly due to the recent immense development in telephone and internet technologies. This implies that the challenges of expanding markets that were experienced by organizations seeking to take their businesses globally have been incredibly eased. Consequently, the term internationa l firm has become a common terminology in the international business debates. Kottler (2000) described an international organization as the one, which conducts businesses in more than one nation (p.34). However, when making a market entry into new nations, an international organization has to choose appropriate market entry methods because each nation acts as a market segment whose consumption is determined by a variety of factors such as culture, economic, social, and political affiliations among others. These factors are different in every nation. In this context, this paper finds it indispensable to analyze the factors that affect a firm’s decision-making process on the choice of entry modes to the foreign markets coupled with the impacts of the entry modes on business practices and success. The focus is on western nations’ organizations entry into the Asian markets. The paper presents this by considering the case of MacDonald’s entry into the Chinese markets . The paper specifically considers Asia as the one that that has undergone tremendous growth within the last three decades. Consequently, emanating from the economic advantages, western organizations such as MacDonald have considered extending their operations into the Asian regions in a variety of ways. As such, the paper further presents these ways with the aid of a review of the relevant theories on foreign entry modes followed by identification of the mode(s) of entry that MacDonald adopted in China. The case study report also investigates and analyzes the factors contributing to MacDonald’s decision on the choice of the entry mode(s) coupled with evaluation of the advantages gained, as well as the difficulties experienced by MacDonald because of implementing such a mode or modes. Finally, the paper discusses the lessons learned from the firm’s experience on the choice of the entry mode(s). Literature Review Factors influencing a firm’s decision to enter int o new markets Many western firms are currently becoming internationalized. The initial choice of the crucial market entry mode in the foreign market may produce imperative implications on successful entry of a company along with its survival in the international market. Arguably, therefore, the decision on survival mechanisms in the foreign nations is a mega step that a firm has to make before channeling its resources to establish its presence in the foreign nations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another crucial decision encompasses the entry mode in the international business (Hague Jackson, 2006, p.47). Firms can accomplish entry modes in foreign markets through several ways. Typical examples include licensing, joint ventures, exporting, and franchising among others. However, essential to note is that each of the entry modes possesses some merits and demerits. Hough an d Neuland (2000) conduct an analysis of these market entry modes (p.13). According to the authors, exporting is the easiest mode of selling a firm’s products in foreign markets. It permits an organization to indirectly or directly export. Indirect exporting involves the sale of a firm’s products in the foreign markets through an agent based in the home markets while direct exporting involves a firm that sells its products directly to an importer or a buyer in a foreign market. On the other hand, licensing involves an agreement in which â€Å"a licensor grants the rights to intangible property to another licensee for a specified period† (Hough Neuland, 2000, p.21). In return, the licensor receives a royalty fee from the licensee. Franchising involves entering long relationships in comparison to licensing. In the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee, the franchisor sells critical property, for instance, a trademark to the franchisee. The franchisor also acquires the franchisee’s contractual responsibility to abide by all the rules on its business regulations. Joint ventures constitute business collaboration between two companies based in two or more countries, which share ownership of an enterprise established jointly for the production, and/or distribution of goods and services. Various factors define the relativity of the appropriateness of the chosen entry mode. They are economic and political risks, trade barriers, social risks, and transportation costs among others. Consequently, firms seeking to establish themselves globally need to consider economics and other dynamics of the target nations (Beamish, Morrison Rosenzweig, 2005, p.99). Essentially, it is desirable for globalizing companies to have plausible information about size coupled with rates of growth of the foreign nation’s markets, financial positions, population characteristics, and more importantly, the labour costs. This implies that leaders of firms need to know that the attractiveness of foreign market opportunities is different among different business industries, as well as individual companies (Hibbert, 2005, p.17). Organizations seeking to establish operations in the international business need to do a number of things. According to Hibbert (2005), some of these things include evaluation of international markets business opportunities, conducting analysis to an extent to which a firm may be able to establish potential opportunities for growth in foreign nations making a decision on the appropriate market strategy, innovating marketing strategies, and then conducting standardization of various global operations (p.33).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on McDonald’s Entry into the Chinese Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financial crisis and strategic decision to capitalize on Asian market Following the global financial crisis, many firm s embarked on seeking to enhance their competiveness for them to survive through the financial crunch. One of the strategies to realize this goal was to look for new markets particularly where an organization may perceive to experience milder effects of economic down time. When the western nations encountered challenges of reduced businesses, the global financial crisis did not even spare the possible alternative place -Asia- where such firms could establish new markets. Indeed, Asian nations encountered the global financial crisis in the late 2008 originating from Europe and the U.S. Consequently, the Asian gross domestic product growth rates immensely fell down. The aftermath was a substantive drop in exports. Additionally, foreign direct investment to Asian countries reduced significantly. However, by August 2009 China and India coupled with other emerging economies in the Asian regions had started to depict some signs of recovery from the global economic crunch. In fact, with re gard to a survey conducted by the Economist magazine, Singapore, China, Korea, and Japan, showed quarter-on-quarter annualized GDP growth of 21%, 15%, 10%, and 0.9% respectively (Ross, 2003, p.9). Even though the accuracy of this data may be debatable, the trend shows that Asian countries were able to recover from the economic crunch much faster as compared to other countries especially those in the west. Deductively, this incredible growth of Asian economies creates mega opportunities for global businesses. This is in sharp contrast to the economies of western countries whose growth remains uncertain. This may explain why global economic activity is shifting to Asia. Globalization theory and capitalization on Asian markets The quest of MacDonald to establish franchises in China closely relates with advantage accruing from globalization because globalization has intensively altered the manner in which firms conduct businesses at the international fronts. In this context, Cooper and Schindler (2008) argue that stemming from technological sophistication and communication coupled with general infrastructural developments, businesses are capacitated to supply and/or distribute goods and services virtually in every geographical location across the globe (p.41). Nevertheless, venturing into international markets is a risky endeavor. This argument arises because firms ought to be prepared and organized strategically to overcome cultural impediments, differences in currency and language barriers coupled with regulatory, and existing legal environments that may be inconsistent with the organizational policies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, firms that have substantial capital bases among other resources can easily sail through these impediments without having to rely on other external aid. However, those companies that do not have substantial resources to aid them in overcoming the impediments to operations in the international markets, more often than not, have to consider altering their polices to suit particular market. This means that although such companies may be using the same brand name, they are predominantly characterized by non-homogeneity in organizational polices. This makes it possible for them to penetrate international markets. A myriad of reasons explains why organizations may consider diversifying their markets to include global markets. Many researchers contend, â€Å"The emergence of demand potentials in the foreign markets is one of the common reasons† (Hough Neuland, 2000, p.23). Directly congruent with this argument, Hough and Neuland (2000) maintain that sales expansion, acquisi tion of new resources need to minimize risks, depreciation of currencies, and local market saturation account for the internationalization of business (p.39). Arguably, therefore, internationalization of business may incredibly aid in facilitating a business to achieve immense economies of scale. Consumption theory and capitalization on Asian markets The consumption theory holds that when the consumption patterns of the consumer increases on the positive side, many firms would tend to move in and meet the demand created. Such a situation is experienced in China since the nation has a big consumption economy akin to its large population. A strategic decision for western firms to enter this market can make the firms attain large economies of scale. For instance, by the year 2009, McDonald had about 800 outlets already in operation in China. This was an immense success of the company since its entry into the Chinese market from ealry1990’s. The success in the Chinese market reco rded by McDonald had forced other western companies to consider establishing themselves in Asian nations. In particular, the Chinese economy has been growing tremendously within the last two decades of MacDonald’s presence. In this end, Ross (2003) argues that Chinese and Indian economies stand probabilities of accounting for 50 percent of the global domestic product by the year 2030 (p.15). The attractiveness of the Chinese market to western organisation such as MacDonald rests on the shifting demographics, hiking incomes, growing of consumer spending, and the ever-increasing free and fair business environment. In addition to the increase in consumer spending, some other factors such as increased cost of production and dwindled sales in the local home markets among other factors have made American and European firms consider establishing themselves in Asian nations such as China and India (Hill, Cronk Wickramasekera, 2011, p.113). Increased consumption on Asian markets is e xemplified by the case of China where there is an increase in consumer credit. The repercussion is that young people are more likely to buy on credit in comparison with old people. In fact, young people are stronger when it comes to consumer expenditure and credit. Consequently, China is currently hosting several global leading brands among them Adidas, Wal-Mart, Sanofi, Tesco, and others. Methodology This case study report paper deploys secondary data acquired from the existing literature on the international business. An analysis of the data garnered is conducted to develop theories that can explain the entry methods used by international firms to penetrate new markets in foreign nations. These theories can then be linked closely with MacDonald’s strategies for penetration of Chinese market. Consequently, a case study of MacDonald’s strategies of colonization of new international markets is scrutinized in relation to existing theories on international business. The s econdary data utilized in this paper come from sources including scholarly journals, internet, magazines, newspapers, and books. Results The results of the case study indicate that McDonald is a world leading US-based fast food retailer. In the modern day, the company has over 33,000 stores in about 119 countries. The key to this immense expansion of the company rests on the company’s capacity to understand its customers’ need coupled with refinement of its business polices to suit the target market. The foreign market entry mode used by MacDonald is franchising. In the new franchises, the company sells high quality yet affordable products. In the franchise agreement, â€Å"MacDonald grants the right to sell McDonald’s branded products to a prospective franchisee† (Hough Neuland, 2000, p.25). The agreement gives the company the power to decide on the operating methods, marketing, and the quality of their products. McDonald’s owns or leases the est ablishment. The franchisee purchases â€Å"the equipment, fittings, and the right to operate the franchise for 20 years† (Hough Neuland, 2000, p.27). To achieve worldwide homogeneity, all franchisees must use standardized McDonald’s branding. These include their menus, their design layouts, and the administration systems. Analysis and discussions MacDonald was established in Illinois in 1955. According to Cooper and Schindler (2008), McDonald had opened its first outlet outside the US by 1967 (in Canada), and had expanded to Australia, Japan, and Europe by the year 1971 (p.32). Since then the company has experienced tremendous growth, and has extended its operations to many nations including China. One of the success factors of the company is that it has been able to satisfy the Chinese needs for food safety. The strategies for penetration into the Chinese market adopted by MacDonald are valid depending on population characteristics and other market traits. In this en d, markets chosen for expansion by McDonald’s are positively associated with high gross domestic product per capita, population size and distribution, and urbanization (Clode, 2011, p.22). Nevertheless, the company faces competition in China. Consequently, the company’s operation in China makes it is apparent that it conducts studies of changes in markets in an attempt to develop products that meet the needs of consumers. The implication of this strategic decision is that the company takes it within its mandate to develop products that are cost competitive besides looking at the long-term growth possibilities once it has made a new market entry. From the results of the study, it is also evident that the highest percent of McDonald’s restaurants are franchises, this being the market entry mode adopted by the company to get into foreign markets. Therefore, a cute selection of a franchisee is a central concern for the success of McDonald in China. In this end, the company accords various conditions for its potential franchisees. The concerned parties have to agree and settle upon these conditions on a legal contract. The conditions include the following promises: a franchisee would be honest, have business experience in the industry, have successful accomplishments, commitment to the franchisor, and a significant capital base. The results have also indicated that McDonald develops products consistent with the local food tastes of a particular market. This measure helps the company internalize the inferred local knowledge of franchisees into its wider operations (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2011, p.62). Akin to the needs to survive in the foreign market having competition, a major survival tactic adopted by MacDonald in China is rebranding its products to meet the anticipations of the target market. For this reason, McDonald launched the Chickileaks campaign in China. The central concern of the campaign was to educate and make sure that Chin ese people rest assured that the products offered by the company are fresh and safe. The campaign also enabled McDonald to establish a competitive edge in the market amid the rooming competitions from KFC and Yum. McDonald encountered consumers in China who had different eating preferences compared to the U.S. consumers. For instance, the Chinese people prefer chicken to beef. This posed a challenge to the company since it entered the Chinese market with the intention of distributing beef products. On the other hand, competitors such as KFC were distributing chicken products. McDonald’s Chickileaks campaign is a key indicator that an organization seeking to establish business internationally needs to ensure that it merges its products and policies with culture, values, beliefs, and traditions of the people inhabiting the new target market. McDonald identified that, in its new market, there was a problem. Strategically, it moved to create a solution to the problem in the new m arket by designing a campaign to address the challenge. Essentially, therefore, MacDonald exemplifies the practical application of the thing that an organization seeking to establish itself in the foreign markets must do. Among these things are evaluation of international markets and innovation of marketing strategies among others. A major concern is on how MacDonald would maintain its success in China. According to Gilroy (2011), this is achievable through maintaining a steadfast focus on consistency, quality, and cautiously trying out other new options (Para.5). Conclusion and Implications Even though while making the strategic decision to establish MacDonald franchise in China may be taken as one of the ample decisions that has resulted to making the company more competitive, various challenges have been encountered. Firstly, China’s market is non-uniform and non-homogeneous. This is attributable to irregularities of economic growth in differing regions of the nation. Cons equently, aggravation of various social, political, and economic differences across different Chinese provinces has been experienced. This truncates into wide variation of consumer spending behavior in different provinces. The argument here is that China is ideally not a single market but a collection of a myriad of submarkets. These submarkets have distinct cultural, political, social, demographic, and economic characteristics. Any company seeking entry into the Chinese markets must take into consideration all these factors and orient their policies to suit the dynamics of the Chinese markets. The implication of this concern is that organizations need to choose an entry mode that exposes them to a minimal risk. This is necessary for internationalizing companies to maximize profits coupled with long-term growth. Internationalizing companies need to take advantage of various available opportunities through integration of a myriad of market strategies. The implication of this recommen dation is that decisions made by companies in matters of entering any market need to factor in the characteristics of nations in which they seek to establish business. This is critical to enable a company to determine the scale of investment in the new market. Therefore, new markets entry modes decisions need to be made from the basis of well-researched markets conducted within the countries of interest. This implies that the political and economic instabilities of the past and the possibility of more problems in the same nation or surrounding nations need to be taken into consideration. Additionally, market forces have an effect on the growth of the company’s markets and economy, and hence disposable income of potential customers. The implication is that by internationalizing firms one needs to make subtle market entry decision during their first entry into the foreign nations’ markets. Reference List Beamish, W., Morrison, A., Rosenzweig, M. (2005). International Ma nagement: Text and Cases (3rd ed.). Chicago: Irwin. Clode, J. (2011). McDonald’s Exposes ‘Chickileaks’ in China. Global News, 1(1), 22. Cooper, R., Schindler, S. (2008). Business Research Methods (6th ed.) Singapore: Irwin/Mcgraw. Gilroy, D. (2011). McDonald’s China: ‘Chickileaks’ the Truth about McChicken. ChinaSmack. Retrieved from https://advertising.chinasmack.com/2011/mcdonalds-china-chickileaks-the-truth-about-chicken.html. Hague, P., Jackson, P. (2006). A guide to planning, methodology and evaluation: Market Research. London: Kogan Page. Hibbert, P. (2005). International Business. Strategy and Operations. London: Macmillan Press. Hill, C., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2011). Global Business Today: Asia Pacific. Sydney: McGraw Hill Australia Pty Ltd. Hough, J., Neuland, W. (2000). Global Business. Environments and Strategies Managing for Global Competitive Advantage. Cape Town: Oxford. Kottler, P. (2000). Marketing Management: The Millennium Edition. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Ross, B. (2003). Market entry methods for western firms in China, Asia Pacific. Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 15(4), 3–18. This report on McDonald’s Entry into the Chinese Market was written and submitted by user Lily Benjamin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Double-Helix Structure of DNA

Double-Helix Structure of DNA In biology, double helix is a term used to describe the structure of DNA. A DNA double helix consists of two spiral chains of deoxyribonucleic acid. The shape is similar to that of a spiral staircase. DNA is a nucleic acid composed of nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine), a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and  phosphate molecules. The nucleotide bases of DNA represent the stair steps of the staircase, and the deoxyribose and phosphate molecules form the sides of the staircase. Why Is DNA Twisted? DNA is coiled into chromosomes and tightly packed in the nucleus of our cells. The twisting aspect of DNA is a result of interactions between the molecules that make up DNA and water. The nitrogenous bases that comprise the steps of the twisted staircase are held together by hydrogen bonds. Adenine is bonded with thymine (A-T) and guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C). These nitrogenous bases are hydrophobic, meaning that they lack an affinity for water. Since the cell cytoplasm and cytosol contain water-based liquids, the nitrogenous bases want to avoid contact with cell fluids. The sugar and phosphate molecules that form the sugar-phosphate backbone of the molecule are hydrophilic, which means they are water-loving and have an affinity for water. DNA is arranged such that the phosphate and the sugar backbone are on the outside and in contact with fluid, while the nitrogenous bases are in the inner portion of the molecule. In order to further prevent the nitrogenous bases from coming into contact with cell fluid, the molecule twists to reduce space between the nitrogenous bases and the phosphate and sugar strands. The fact that the two DNA strands that form the double helix are anti-parallel helps to twist the molecule as well. Anti-parallel means that the DNA strands run in opposite directions, ensuring that the strands fit tightly together. This reduces the potential for fluid to seep between the bases. DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis The double-helix shape allows for DNA replication and protein synthesis to occur. In these processes, the twisted DNA unwinds and opens to allow a copy of the DNA to be made. In DNA replication, the double helix unwinds and each separated strand is used to synthesize a new strand. As the new strands form, bases are paired together until two double-helix DNA molecules are formed from a single double-helix DNA molecule. DNA replication is required for the processes of mitosis and meiosis to occur. In protein synthesis, the DNA molecule is transcribed to produce an RNA version of the DNA code known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The messenger RNA molecule is then translated to produce proteins. In order for DNA transcription to take place, the DNA double helix must unwind and allow an enzyme called RNA polymerase to transcribe the DNA. RNA is also a nucleic acid but contains the base uracil instead of thymine. In transcription, guanine pairs with cytosine and adenine pairs with uracil to form the RNA transcript. After transcription, the DNA closes and twists back to its original state. DNA Structure Discovery Dr. Francis Crick and dr. James Watson at a molecular biology symposium. Ted Spiegel  / Contributor  / Getty Images Credit for the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA has been given to James Watson and Francis Crick, awarded a Nobel Prize for their work. Determining the structure of DNA was based in part on the work of many other scientists, including Rosalind Franklin. Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray diffraction to ascertain clues about the structure of DNA. The X-ray diffraction photo of DNA taken by Franklin, named photograph 51, showed that DNA crystals form an X shape on X-ray film. Molecules with a helical shape have this type of X-shape pattern. Using evidence from Franklins X-ray diffraction study, Watson and Crick revised their earlier proposed triple-helix DNA model to a double-helix model for DNA. Evidence discovered by biochemist Erwin Chargoff helped Watson and Crick discover base-pairing in DNA. Chargoff demonstrated that the concentrations of adenine in DNA are equal to that of thymine, and concentrations of cytosine are equal to guanine. With this information, Watson and Crick were able to determine that the bonding of adenine to thymine (A-T) and cytosine to guanine (C-G) form the steps of the twisted-staircase shape of DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the sides of the staircase. Source: The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA- The Double Helix. Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, 2014, www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna_double_helix/readmore.html.

Ethnic Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethnic Diversity - Essay Example The growth minority health care professionals, however, is slowed down by a number of barriers including racism, discrimination, and lack of commitment to changing situation. Racism and prejudice is the root cause and the most evident reality of a certain barrier to increasing the number of minority health care professionals, particularly among non-White females. Patient and co-workers still associate the nursing image to those of White, middle-aged woman. According to the study of Douglas et al., standards integrating social justice will facilitate culturally-competent care among nurses and address racial and ethnic inequalities. This is because the social justice principle is grounded on the belief of fair and equal rights regardless of differences in ethnicity and demographics. Nursing schools must equip students with cultural competence and must still in mind about social justice. The image of a nurse as a White, middle-aged woman must be gradually changed to ethnically-diverse, competent nurse to cope with the increasing need of the healthy population. In a span of time, the United States’ population will soon have a diverse set of the population; thus, we need diverse, culturally-competent nurse to holistically address the needs of this population. Meanwhile, all of this vision of ethnically-diverse, competent nurse will not become a reality if policies for ensuring implementation will not be integrated into legislation – both in the preparatory schools for nursing and in the workforce settings.

Walmart in Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Walmart in Mexico - Essay Example The barriers to inclusive workplace in first level include discrimination, prejudice, and perception of threats to job security. One of the barriers to an inclusive workplace for Walmart in Mexico is possible discrimination that may occur on the basis of age, race, national origin, gender, disability and pregnancy. There are concerns on whether Walmart will foster the provision of equal opportunities to women and minority groups who mainly speak Spanish language. Discrimination leads to unfair terms and conditions of employment since training opportunities, promotions and compensation. Accordingly, discrimination will lead to unfair dismissals and retrenchment of workers at the company. Walmart workplace policies require some employees to work for longer hours thus creating perceptions of discrimination. Furthermore, the company is faced with instance of sexual harassment and unfair victimization and this may hinder inclusion and diversity. Walmart must address discrimination through providing equal employment opportunities in all matters of employment such as training, promotion and dismissals. The company should link the pay to performance evaluation and ensure the minority groups have access to training in order to improve their chances of career progression with the company. The company should provide the necessary facilities and equipment for the workers with disability and avoid stereotypes. The management should train all subordinates on the importance of avoiding sexual harassment or victimization that may hinder inclusive workplace. The human resource managers must encourage reporting of discriminatory complaints by the employees. Implementation of anti-discriminatory workplace policies will promote inclusion and diversity at the workplace. The individual employees will benefit from access to career advancement and promotion opportunities that will ultimately translate to increased income

Atomic Bombing on Japan Essay Example for Free

Atomic Bombing on Japan Essay On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a. m. , the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy. † Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a. m. , the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man. † These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many people. There was an estimated 200,000 lives taken in the atomic bombing on Japan. The war on the Pacific had been going on for over four years before the atomic bombing occurred. There were two big battles that could have led to the United State’s decision of dropping the atomic bomb, the Iwo Jima and Okinawa. In these two battles there was an astounding amount of deaths taken in these battles from both sides. While both sides of the Japanese and American soldiers fought vigorously taking the many lives of one another, the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima was a military necessity for the United States. The reason why the dropping of the atomic bomb was a military necessity is because there was nothing else to force Japan to surrender. President Harry S. Truman asked the Japanese to surrender on August 3rd, 1945 or face devastation, but the Japanese failed to meet the deadline. Truman ordered the air force to use the new atomic weapons against Japan. Some argued that if we would had waited a few more weeks, Japan would have surrendered. Others argued that there was no other way to persuade the Japanese to surrender but the atomic bombing. Truman said this was a simple military mission. He said a weapon was available to quickly end the war so he sees no reason not to use it. The alternative to dropping the atomic bomb was a ground invasion in Japan, which would have caused heavy losses to our American troops. From my perspective, I believe that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima was necessary for the preservation and security of our nation. At the time of this incident, the United States was involved in World War II serving as part of the Allied Powers. Therefore, on the morning of December 7th, 1941, the Japanese decided to implement surprised attacks on Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor was a US Navy base located in Hawaii. The United States was not expecting these attacks at all. I feel that the attack on Hiroshima was retaliation for the attacks on Pearl Harbor. Although we may have gone a little over board, it had to be done to establish that the US was not a nation to be messed with. The Japanese’s opportunity to fight back was over after the first atomic bomb was discharged because the navy was taken out, the inability to import food and the lack of industrial supplies. In addition the second atomic bomb was dropped to seal the victory over Japan. Although both Japan and the United States suffered great losses from the altercations, Japan was left with much more trauma. The first atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima immediately killed an estimated amount of 66,000 people out of a population of 255,000. The second bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki instantly killed about 35,000 people. However, a numerous amount of soldiers and citizens of Japan did not immediately die. These bombings lead to an awful amount of physical effects that dismembered the country of Japan for many years. Many individuals of Japan either died or suffered from radiation burns, cancer, leukemia, and many other physical disorders. Research shows that radiation increases the long-term risks of cancer. At the time of the bombing, many pregnant women gave birth to children with congenital malformations because of the contact with radiation. After the bombing, there were said to be 6,500 orphans in the city of Hiroshima. Despite the many people that were killed in the bombings, Americans saved many lives on both sides by not invading Japan. The city of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was essentially wiped out by the two atomic bombs. The bombs fiercely took out anything in its path. Not one thing or person within 800 meters of the bomb’s blast survived. Only parts of two buildings were standing after the bomb at the explosion site. The survivors in Japan had to clean up over 11. 5 square kilometers of debris and dead bodies after the bombing. This process took Japan four years to clear up. The bombings also cost Hiroshima $2 billion in damage. There were an estimated 60,000 to 90,000 buildings destroyed by the atomic bombing in Hiroshima. And an additional 14,000 buildings destroyed in Nagasaki. To conclude, the atomic bomb dropped on Japan by the United States was indeed a military necessity. The position of the United States at the time left our country with no other choice but to establish superiority; we needed to end the war. There was little sympathy for an enemy who had stimulated the fight and had behaved the way Japan had. Also, Japan’s surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor had left many Americans pleading for revenge. The atomic bomb did just that, wiping out almost entirely two cities in Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Although much tragedy and trauma had resulted from the attacks of both countries, the sacrifices were necessary and appropriate.

Book Review On Grapes Of Wrath :: essays research papers

A Critical Review of: John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck wrote this book in the hopes that people would be able to see what was happening to our nation’s people. He wanted to open their eyes to see the hardships that migrants faced everyday and he accomplished this through the telling of the Joad’s family story. Starting with the day that their ex-convict son comes home on parole, the lives of the Joad’s never really go back to normal. After being evicted from their property by the bank, the whole family packs up and goes the only way they can…West. Their plight involves beginning a new life by casting away the methods of the past and being able to endure the misfortunes that life throws at them. Of course their progress is hampered by an unreliable truck and by the “quest for the dollar'; that all migrants had. Through their journey to find work and settle down, the Joad’s encounter many calamities that test their relationship as a family and their own limits as individuals. As in real li fe, not everyone succeeds with his or her goals, and this story of hardship is no different. In the beginning of the book we get an early look at Steinbeck’s ideals when Muley Graves says,“…if a fella’s got somepin to eat an’ another fella’s hungry—why, the first fella ain’t got no choice.'; This is something that was very true back in the past and something that most people lived by. Families could not see people starve to death when they had food to eat themselves. Although they might be starting a new life, the ideals don’t change because that is what makes an individual unique. Uncle John Joad said, “Go down an’ tell ‘em. Go down in the street an’ rot an’ tell ‘em that way.'; Steinbeck’s writing style, as always, is rich with colorful language and sensual images. His pages are filled with lines such as, “The dust-filled air muffled sound more completely than fog does,'; and all sorts of literary elements from similes to personifications. There is one thing that a reader will never get with The Grapes of Wrath and that is bored because of how descriptive the settings are. The passages of nature are especially vibrant and it would be those that you could imagine very easily because of the picture he paints. The dialogue of the book is unique in that it is written the way it was spoken in the past.

Analytical essay

According to the article, â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns,† it Is evident that gun control has proven Ineffective when It comes to dissolving the â€Å"love affair† that exists between Americans and their guns (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). This article highlights the Issues that permeate throughout America regarding pro gun groups. Not only Is this article persuasive, it Infuses a degree of rhetorical strategies including logical, as well as emotional appeals to fortify the issue at hand.Various examples, statistics, and sound evidence is brought to the table, adequately arguing ND developing the position that, â€Å"Americans want to keep their guns, no matter how high the price,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). Furthermore, the other article, â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation,† falls short in strengthening its argument and is not as convincing, in comparison to â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns. † These articles use a n array of rhetorical strategies to convey their arguments, however some strategies prove more successful or useful than others. Exemplification or defining appears in both articles.These rhetorical strategies seem necessary and perhaps essential monuments In each article. They serve to properly support and strengthen the statements of each author. Another rhetorical strategy that Is prominent throughout both articles Is the comparing and contrasting method. TLS strategy allows the reader to introduce the pros and cons concerning their argument while persuading the reader to take a stance or a step in the right direction. Once the comparing and contrasting have been presented and thoroughly examined, the author can then persuade the reader based on said favorable findings.Apart from these rhetorical strategies, classifying and dividing appear in both articles too. This type of strategy divides difficult or overwhelming topics in smaller comprehensible units. Readjusting a broad topi c into smaller subsections lets the writer gain control of the argument and allows the reader to comfortably analyze the material (â€Å"Rhetorical Strategies). This Is particularly true on a subject like gun control In America, a topic In desperate need of dissecting since there is so much history and discourse to address.The first article, â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns,† uses these rhetorical strategies most effectively, as oppose to the article, â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation. † The first article appeals to the reader on an emotional level, as well as on a logical level. The author starts off with; â€Å"The love affair goes on, whatever the price. The funerals are over,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). This is a powerful and convincing statement because it gets the reader emotionally involved. It conjures up thoughts of death, guns, and their relation to one another. Followed by this emotionally charged tenement, is a series of examp les.This structure holds true to the rhetorical strategy of exemplification. Mentioned are descriptions of young boys as murders and shocking Incidents such as mass shootings and school massacres. These examples are so effective because they emphasize the Idea that Americans are still obsessed with guns regardless of all the harm they can cause. Moreover, the author also gets the reader convinced on a logical level by presenting rather startling but true evidence, like the anti-control slogan, â€Å"guns don't kill people, people kill cause at face value, it is true.With all these historical events and facts, this article becomes very credible and the author builds a very strong argument. The author also uses the rhetorical strategy of compare and contrast to further reinforce the idea that Americans are reluctant to give up their guns. The article mentions the stark contrasts in regards to deaths by handguns in America versus the world. Although the difference in numbers across th e board is shocking, the author follows these statements by, â€Å"most Americans remain unimpressed by such imprisons,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). This article is incredibly persuasive and convincing.Such statements leave the reader in disbelief that Americans still â€Å"want to keep their guns, no matter how high the price,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). From this article, even though the author introduces both sides of the story, one could presume that gun control may not gain popularity in America. After reading the first article, the second article becomes less convincing. â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation,† lacks emotion and depth. The article sets itself up for disaster, cause although it tries to stress how gun legislation is on the brink of undergoing tighter regulations, it fails miserably.The author places too much emphasis on the National Rifle Association (NEAR). The rhetorical strategy of exemplification is pre sent, but glorifies the NEAR, mentioning how â€Å"powerful† and how † successful† the anti-gun control lobby has been, â€Å"in helping to block any meaningful gun control legislation in Congress,†(â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation†). This example, followed by facts, is perhaps not the best one for this discussion because it reinforces the strength of the association in America and weakens the argument for better or more effective regulations.However, the article does include examples of small victories nationwide concerning tougher gun restrictions, but these statements would have been more effective if they were mentioned earlier. These successes lose their credibility as they are undermined when compared and contrasted to the NEAR. The author is very disorganized; his attempts at using classifying and dividing to strengthen his argument do not help him to properly compose his thoughts. The author Jumps from he NEAR, to a series of events, to politicians and lastly lawsuits.This overwhelms the reader because the flow is too Jumbled, for this reason this article becomes ineffective and too complicated to properly make sense of. Lastly, the article that gave me the best answer was â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns. † This article was emotionally charged and logically composed. The author included numerous rhetorical strategies to reinforce his rather shocking stance that Americans love their guns and that those guns are here to stay. The authors use of visual descriptions, incidents, and statistics were all appropriate examples used to establish and display the ideas effectively.The composition of the article flows really well, a lot of information is presented but also condensed, mentioning only what is vital to the argument. The author is direct and to the point and the author does not deviate from the main argument, constantly coming back and endorsing his/her opinion. The author mentions, â€Å"many Americans have already come to the remarkable conclusion that the best route to a safer America is a better-armed America,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). The author is constantly on point with his/her information.